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中华人民共和国外资保险公司管理条例实施细则(英文版)

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-04 22:23:09  浏览:8576   来源:法律资料网
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中华人民共和国外资保险公司管理条例实施细则(英文版)

中国保险监督管理委员会


中华人民共和国外资保险公司管理条例实施细则(英文版)


Detailed Rules for Implementation of Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Administration of Foreign-funded Insurance Companies

Article 1
These Rules are formulated in accordance with the Insurance Law of the People’s Republic of China and the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Administration of Foreign-funded Insurance Companies (hereinafter referred to as “the Regulations”).

Article 2
A foreign insurance company under the Regulations refers to an insurance company registered and conducting insurance business outside the territory of China.

Article 3
The proportion of foreign equity in an insurance company incorporated within the territory of China by a foreign insurance company with a Chinese company or enterprise that conducts life insurance business (hereinafter referred to as “joint-equity life insurance company”) shall be no more than 50% of the total equity of the company.

The shares of a joint-equity life insurance company directly or indirectly held by a foreign insurance company shall not exceed the limit of proportion as stipulated in the preceding paragraph.

Article 4
For a foreign-funded insurance company established within the territory of China before the Regulations became effective with registered capital or working capital of less than RMB 200 million or an equivalent amount in a freely convertible currency, its registered capital or working capital shall be fully paid within 2 years after these Rules become effective. For those who fail to fully pay the registered capital or working capital, China Insurance Regulatory Commission shall not grant approval to their application for operation of new business.

Article 5
The registered capital or working capital of a foreign-funded insurance company shall be the actually paid-up currency.

Article 6
After establishing a branch, the foreign insurance company shall not withdraw the working capital in any form.

Article 7
The period of operation of insurance business being more than 30 years, which is mentioned in Item 1 of Article 8 of the Regulations, means that the foreign insurance company shall have continuously been running insurance business for more than 30 years, and the foreign insurance company’s acquisition of another institution or merger with another institution to establish a new insurance company, shall not affect the calculation of the business operation period.

The business operation period of a subsidiary of a foreign insurance company shall start from the date of establishment of the subsidiary.

Article 8
The representative office mentioned in Item 2 of Article 8 of the Regulations refers to the following representative offices approved by China Insurance Regulatory Commission (hereinafter referred to as “CIRC”):

(1) The representative office established by a foreign insurance company;
(2) The representative office established by a group to which a foreign insurance company belongs.

Article 9
The representative office established by a foreign insurance company or its group to which the insurance company belongs is only applicable to application for establishing one foreign-funded insurance company.

Article 10
The end of the year prior to the application for the establishment mentioned in Item 3 of Article 8 of the Regulations refers to the end of the previous fiscal year before the date of application.

Article 11
The other prudential requirements mentioned in Item 7 of Article 8 of the Regulations shall at least include the following requirements:

(1) Reasonable structure for corporate governance;
(2) Stable and sound risk control system;
(3) Sound internal control system;
(4) Effective Management Information System;
(5) Good operating performance without records of serious violation of laws and regulations.

Article 12
Where the applicant fails to provide the business license (duplicate) as stipulated in Item 2 of Article 9 of the Regulations, the applicant may provide a valid copy of the business license or a written certificate issued by the relevant authority evidencing the applicant’s eligibility to conduct insurance business.

Article 13
The certificate mentioned in Item 2 of Article 9 of the Regulations, which is issued by the relevant authority of the country or region where the foreign applicant is located to evidence the applicant’s solvency, shall include one of the following contents:

(1) Certifying that the applicant complies with the regulatory requirements of the country or region on solvency in the previous fiscal year as of the date when the relevant authority issues the certificate;
(2) Certifying that the applicant has no record of incompliance with the standard of the country or region on solvency in the previous fiscal year as of the date when the relevant authority issues the certificate.

Article 14
The Letter of Comments issued by the relevant authority of the country or region where the foreign applicant is located concerning the applicant’s application, which is mentioned in Item 2 of Article 9 of the Regulations, shall include the following contents:

(1) Whether the application for the establishment of an insurance institution in China complies with the laws and rules of the applicant’s country or region;
(2) Whether the authority approves the applicant’s application;
(3) The record of the punishment imposed on the applicant in the last three years prior to the date of issuance of the Letter of Comments by the relevant authority;

Article 15
The annual report mentioned in Item 3 of Article 9 of the Regulations shall include the Balance Sheets, Statements of Profit and Loss, and Cash Flow Statements of the applicant in the last three fiscal years prior to the date of application.

The annual report mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be attached with the auditor’s report issued by an accounting or auditing firm authorized by the country or region where the applicant is located.

Article 16
Except otherwise specified by the laws or administrative regulations or approved by the State Council, the Chinese applicant mentioned in Item 4 of Article 9 of the Regulations shall satisfy the following requirements:

(1) The companies or enterprises with the capacity of legal person registered at the administration department of industry and commerce, excluding commercial banks, securities organizations and the foreign-funded enterprises specified in the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Foreign-funded Enterprises;
(2) Being approved by the administrative authority of the enterprise or its shareholders’ meeting;
(3) Good operating performance and in the previous fiscal year as of the application date being profitable;
(4) Making the investment with self-owned capital from legitimate sources.

Article 17
The relevant documents to be submitted by a Chinese applicant for the establishment of a joint-equity insurance company shall include business license (duplicate), articles of association, business structure, operation history, annual report and punishment record for the last three years.

Article 18
The person in charge of the preparation of a foreign-funded insurance company shall satisfy the following requirements:

(1) Academic degree above junior college level;
(2) Insurance or related work experience for over 2 years;
(3) No illegal and criminal record.

Article 19
Where an applicant applies for the extension of the preparation period according to the provisions specified in Article 11 of the Regulations, he shall, within 1 month before expiration of the original preparation period, submit a written application to CIRC and explain the reason.

Article 20
The preparation report mentioned in Item 1 of Article 11 of the Regulations shall summarize all the issues stated in other paragraphs under this article.

Article 21
The statutory capital verification organization mentioned in Item 4 of Article 11 of the Regulations refers to an accounting firm complying with the requirements of CIRC.

Article 22
The capital verification certificate mentioned in Item 4 of Article 11 of the Regulations shall include the following contents:

(1) A Capital Verification Report issued by a statutory capital verification organization;
(2) A copy of the original bank receipt voucher evidencing payment of the registered capital or working capital.

Article 23
The main person-in-charge mentioned in Item 5 of Article 11 of the Regulations refers to the general manager of the proposed branch of a foreign insurance company.

The letter of attorney issued to the person to be appointed as the main person-in-charge of the proposed branch of the foreign insurance company, refers to the letter of attorney issued to the person to be appointed as the general manager of the proposed branch of the foreign insurance company, which is signed by the Chairman of the Board of Directors or General Manager of the foreign insurance company.

The letter of attorney shall explicitly specify the scope of authorization granted to the authorized person.

Article 24
The senior managerial personnel of the proposed company mentioned in Item 6 of Article 11 of the Regulations shall have the qualifications specified by CIRC.

The senior managerial personnel of the branch of a foreign insurance company shall have the qualifications equal to those required for the counterparts in the headquarters of an insurance company.

Article 25
The materials regarding business place of the proposed company mentioned in Item 9 of Article 11 of the Regulations refers to the supporting documents evidencing the ownership or use-right of the business place.

The materials concerning other facilities related to the business mentioned in Item 9 of Article 11 of the Regulations shall include at least information about configuration of computer facilities, network construction and information management system.

Article 26
The following documents or materials to be provided by a foreign insurance company for an application for the establishment of a foreign-funded insurance company according to the requirements specified in the Regulations and these Rules, shall be notarized by a public notary legally established in the local country or region, or verified by the embassy or consulate of China in that country:

(1) The business license (duplicate) or valid copy of the business license;
(2) A letter of attorney issued to the proposed person-in-charge of the branch of a foreign insurance company;
(3) A letter of guarantee of a foreign insurance company to undertake the obligations of tax and duties payment and debts repayment on behalf of its branch in China.

Article 27
A foreign-funded insurance company may apply for establishing branches as needed according to business development.

The branch of a foreign insurance company can only conduct business within the territory of the province, autonomous region or municipality where the branch is located. Where the joint-equity insurance company or wholly-owned insurance company is prepared to conduct business in any other province, autonomous region or municipality outside its locality, it shall establish a branch in the place concerned.

A foreign insurance company may, according to actual circumstances, apply for establishing a central sub-branch or sub-branch, operating office or marketing service office. The establishment and management of marketing service offices shall be subject to other applicable regulations of CIRC, if any.

Article 28
Where a joint-equity or wholly-owned insurance company which has been established with a minimum registered capital of RMB200 million, applies for the first time for the establishment of a branch in every other province, autonomous region, or municipality outside its locality, it shall increase the registered capital by no less than RMB20 million.

By the time of applying for the establishment of a branch, if the registered capital of a joint-equity or wholly-owned insurance company has reached the amount as stipulated in the preceding paragraph, the company will no longer be required to increase its registered capital.

Where the registered capital of a joint-equity or wholly-owned insurance company has reached RMB500 million and where the solvency of the company is adequate, no increase of registered capital is required when the company applies for the establishment of a branch.

Article 29
A foreign-funded insurance company that applies for the establishment of a branch shall satisfy the following requirements:

(1) Its solvency margin shall comply with relevant regulations specified by CIRC.
(2) Its internal control system is sound and there is no record of punishment; where the operating period exceeds 2 years, there is no record of punishment in the most recent 2 years;
(3) It has senior managerial personnel of the branch with the relevant qualifications specified by CIRC.

Article 30
A foreign-funded insurance company that applies for the establishment of a branch shall submit an application to CIRC and provide the following documents in triplicate:

(1) A letter of application for establishment;
(2) Audited solvency status reports as of the end of the previous fiscal year and as of the end of the last quarter;
(3) A three-year business development plan and market analysis for the proposed branch;
(4) Resume(s) of the person(s)-in-charge of the organization preparation and relevant certificates.

Article 31
CIRC shall examine the application and decide, within 20 days after receiving the complete application documents, whether or not to grant approval; in case no approval is granted, CIRC shall inform the applicant in writing of the decision and explain the reason.

After approval is granted, the applicant shall complete the preparation within 6 months. Where the applicant fails to do so within the prescribed time limit, if the reason is justified and subject to approval by CIRC, the period may be extended for 3 months. Where the preparation is still not completed within the extended period, the original approval document issued by CIRC becomes void automatically.

The preparing body may not be engaged in any commercial activities concerning insurance.

Article 32
After the preparation is completed, the applicant shall apply to CIRC for opening business and submit the following documents in triplicate:

(1) A letter of application for opening business;
(2) A progress report of the preparation work;
(3) Resume(s) of senior managerial personnel to be appointed and relevant certificates;
(4) Relevant certificates of ownership or use-right of the office for the proposed branch, information regarding the configuration of computer facilities, network construction, and internal structure and staff.

Article 33
CIRC shall decide, within 20 days after receiving the complete application documents for opening business, whether or not to grant approval; in case the application is approved, a license for conducting insurance business shall be issued to the branch; in case the application is disapproved, CIRC shall inform the applicant in writing of the decision and explain the reason.

The branch with approval for opening business shall go through the formalities of business registration at the administration department of industry and commerce by presenting the approval document and the license for conducting insurance business and accordingly obtain business license from the authority before opening business.

Article 34
Unless otherwise stipulated in these Rules, the examination and administration of the qualifications of the senior managerial personnel of a foreign-funded insurance company and its branches shall be subject to the relevant regulations of CIRC.

Article 35
Where a joint-equity or wholly-owned property insurance company applies for dissolution when it splits, or merges with another one, or dissolves pursuant to the articles of association, such dissolution must be subject to approval of CIRC and the following documents shall be submitted:

(1) A letter of application signed by the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the company;
(2) The resolution of the meeting of shareholders;
(3) Composition of the proposed liquidation group and a plan for liquidation;
(4) A proposal for solving the outstanding liabilities.

Article 36
The joint-equity or wholly-owned property insurance company whose dissolution has been approved by CIRC shall, from the date of receiving the approval document from CIRC, terminate any new business activities and hand in the license for conducting insurance business to CIRC and form a liquidation group within 15 days.

Article 37
The liquidation group shall, within 5 days after its establishment, inform the relevant authorities concerning the administration departments of industry and commerce, tax, labor and social security in writing of the liquidation procedure and conditions.

Article 38
The liquidation group shall, within 1 month from the date of establishment, appoint an accounting firm pursuant to the requirements of CIRC to conduct auditing, and shall deliver an auditor’s report to CIRC within three months from the date of appointment.

Article 39
The liquidation group shall submit the latest liability liquidation and assets disposal report to CIRC before the tenth date of each month.

Article 40
The newspaper mentioned in Article 28 of the Regulations refers to the newspaper specified by CIRC.

Article 41
The foreign property insurance company that applies for cancellation of its branch in China shall submit an application to CIRC for approval and present the following materials:

(1) A letter of application signed by the Board of Directors or General Manager of the foreign property insurance company;
(2) Composition of the proposed liquidation group and a plan for liquidation;
(3) A proposal for solving the outstanding liabilities.

The procedures of application for dissolution of a joint-equity or foreign-funded property insurance company specified in the Regulations and these Rules shall be applicable to the specific procedures for the foreign property insurance company to cancel its branch in China.

Where the head office of a branch of a foreign property insurance company is dissolved or cancelled or declared bankruptcy according to law, the liquidation and liability disposal of the branch of such foreign property insurance company shall comply with the regulations concerning dissolution of the joint-equity or wholly-owned property insurance company stipulated in Article 30 of the Regulations and these Rules.

Article 42
The foreign-funded insurance company in violation of the relevant provisions of these Rules shall be subject to punishment by CIRC according to the provisions specified in Insurance Law, the Regulations and other relevant laws and regulations.

Article 43
The documents, materials and written reports to be submitted or reported under the Regulations and these Rules shall be prepared in Chinese version, and the Chinese version shall prevail in the event of discrepancy between the Chinese version and the foreign language version.

Article 44
The period specified in the Regulations and these Rules shall start from the date when the relevant materials are delivered to CIRC. If the application documents provided by the applicant is incomplete and further delivery is needed, the period shall start from the date when the supplementary materials are delivered to CIRC.

The period concerning approval and report delivery prescribed in these Rules refers to working days.

Article 45
The issues concerning administration of a foreign-funded insurance company that are not specified in the Regulations or these Rules shall be governed by the applicable laws, administrative rules and relevant regulations of CIRC.

The establishment of a foreign-funded reinsurance company shall comply with the Regulations on Establishment of Reinsurance Companies. The issues not specified in the Regulations on Establishment of Reinsurance Companies shall be governed by these Rules.

Article 46
These Rules shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to insurance companies that are established and operated in Chinese mainland by insurance companies from Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macao Special Administrative Region or Taiwan region. The issues otherwise stipulated in the laws, administrative rules or administrative protocols shall be governed by the stipulations therein.

Article 47
These Rules shall come into effect as of June 15, 2004.


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  随着我国政治经济体制改革的深入发展,社会主义市场经济体制的建立,现行的审判制度与市场经济的矛盾越来越突出,日益显露出诸多的弊端,在很多方面不能满足市场经济的需要。目前,越来越多的人们对所谓的司法不公、司法腐败表现出的强烈不满,如何保障审判权独立行使的同时还能保证司法公正是我们要深入思考的问题。
  我国现行宪法规定:人民法院依照法律规定独立行使审判权,不受行政机关、社会团体和个人的干涉。宪法作为我们国家的根本大法,其明确规定人民法院独立行使国家审判权,是从制度上确立了国家审判权由人民法院独立行使。
  一、影响、干扰法院独立审判的原因
  当前影响法院独立行使审判权的原因,既有法院外部环境的因素,也有法院系统内部自身体制的问题,概括起来有下列三个方面。
(一) 司法机关受地方行政影响
由于我国现行的地方各级人民法院是按行政区域设置的,司法机构的人、财、物等有形资源均由各级行政机关支配和管理,具体表现为:
一是地方各级人民法院的经费依靠地方政府供给。当前法院本身没有独立的财权,财权由国家和地方各级政府所掌握,法院收到的诉讼费用由财政部门统一扣划,法院的办公条件和装备的好坏、办案经费的多寡、法院工作人员工资及福利的高低等等往往均取决于本级政府所给予的经费的多少,导致不同地区相同级别的人员工资福利差距巨大。法院在经济上不能独立而依附于政府,使地方政府有干预审判的物质决定性条件。
二是地方各级人民法院的人员编制由地方政府决定,法官及院长由各级人大及其常委会选举和任免,法官、检察官通常是由本级党委组织部门或政府人事部门考察推荐,由本级人大选举或者本级人大常委会任命的,上级法院虽然也可以参与一定意见,但是最终还是由地方党政说了算。这就使得地方党政机关及其领导干部能够通过掌握用人权,对法院的工作形成实际控制,使司法官员在行使职权时不能不有所顾忌,从而受地方保护主义和当地行政机关的左右,影响司法公正。
三是地方各级人民法院工作条件的改善、装备的更新依赖地方政府及有关部门的批准。这种体制上的弊端导致司法机关在适用法律解决案件时受地方政府的干涉或者潜在的威胁。其后果是使地方各级人民法院丧失了作为国家司法机关应有的中立性而沦为保护地方利益和部门利益的司法工具。使国家的司法活动地方化,使国家的某些法院成了“地方的法院”,不仅严重制约了审判工作的发展,而且破坏了国家法制的统一,直接影响国家法律的权威。
另外,我国现阶断提倡“和谐社会”而非“依法治国”,使信访案件大量出现,其中只有一小部分是由于法院适用法律错误而形成的错案,绝大部分为无理访案件。在普通百姓心中,无论是否有理,只要上访就有好处。例如我院有一个当事人,在案件还未开庭时就上访,给正常的审判工作造成很大的困扰。大量的无理访案件给党委、政府带来很大压力,同时也相应传递给了法院,影响到了案件的独立审判。
(二)司法权行政化,法院管理体制不科学
我国现有司法行政体系为院长、副院长、庭长到普通法官形成一个等级体系,这种等级是按照行政官员的职级套用的。工资奖金也一律只与其行政级别挂钩。行政性职级成为法官能力与水平高低的计量器。从而使司法过程贯穿着强烈的行政管理色彩。法官在司法中难以独立、自主的进行审理,必然影响司法公正的实现。
(三)审判方式不科学
1.长期以来,我们实行的审判方式是法官职权主义,由法官一手操作调查取证、审理、裁判等全过程。而这种操作往往又在“暗箱”里封闭进行,从而使审判权的行使得不到监督和制约,给法官偏袒一方创造了条件,这种“暗箱操作”难以保证实体公正的结果。
2.在我国,合议庭和审判委员会都是审判组织。合议庭负责审理绝大部分案件,审判委员会则对合议庭审理的重大、复杂、疑难案件进行讨论并作出决定。但在实践中,许多合议庭只是负责审查事实,提出适用法律的意见,最终判决则是通过请示领导等方式得到了最终结论后才能作出和宣判,从而导致了“先定后审”的走过场现象;法官对案件只有审理的权力,而无裁判的权力,审判委员会集权太多,讨论案件过多,而审判委员会成员又大多不参予具体案件的审理,这就形成了审者不判、判者不审,审判分离的现象;这不仅不利于调动审判人员的积极性,还人为地延长了审判时间,导致超审限现象的出现。由于集体讨论,责任分散,出了错案无人负责,违法审判的责任追究落实不了。
(四)“执行难”问题
生效的判决应当执行,当事人的合法权益应当受到保护,这是社会公平、正义的实现和法律的基本要求,也是人民法院的一项重要职能。但多年来,法院“执行难”的问题一直没有得到很好解决,已成为困扰法院工作,影响国家改革开放经济建设的突出问题。执行机构力量分散,装备薄弱,严重制约执行效率,影响执行效果;整个社会的协助执行观念仍很淡薄,对生效的法律文书缺乏应有的尊重;少数领导干部滥用权力,以权压法,公然非法干预人民法院的执行工作,生效的法律文书得不到执行,就会动摇人民群众对国家法律的信心,损害法律的尊严。当发生纠纷时,许多当事人要么是“屈死不告状”,自认倒霉;要么是以私了方式解决;更有甚者,雇佣社会黑势力,以“黑”对“黑”,因经济纠纷引起杀人越货、绑架勒索的刑事案件时有发生,“执行难”已成为影响社会稳定的一大顽疾。虽然我国现阶段针对“执行难”问题进行大力度改革,但冰冻三尺非一日之寒,不能在短期就解决以往存在的所有问题。
二、实现审判权独立必须进行的改革
(一)改革现行司法体制的外部关系
法院对于行政机关必须保持财政、人事上的独立地位,即不能被行政机关实际控制。否则,独立审判就会落空。为此,应当对司法体制作如下改革。
1、改革司法人事管理体制
地方保护主义对审判权的影响主要发生在地市和基层两级法院,有必要改革地市和基层两级法院人事管理体制,取消行政机关对法官的人事管理调配权,而将法官的推荐、调配权交还法院,任命权提高到省级以上人大及其常委会。具体言之,就是将基层法院的人事任免权提交到省级人大及其常委会予以选举或者任命;地市级法院人员,由省级法院考察后向省级人大及其常委会推荐选举或任命。由上级法院为主进行考察、推荐,按照法定程序选举、任命。为体现党管干部的原则,一方面,法院的党组织要加强对人事工作的管理;另一方面,地方党委也可以向上级法院推荐人选,或者协助上级法院进行考察,但是最终确定人选的权力掌握在上级法院党委或者党组的手中。至于行政机关,则无权过问法院人事安排。这样,才可以保证法院人员素质,解除其依法独立办案的后顾之忧,并且不使国家统一设置在地方的法院变成受地方保护主义左右的“地方化”的法院。
3.改革法院财政管理体制
联合国大会《关于司法机关独立的基本原则》第7条规定:“向司法机关提供充足的资源,以使之得以适当地履行其职责,是每一会员国的义务。”这表明,保证法院机关足够的经费和物质条件,是司法独立原则的重要内容。
目前我国实行的是中央财政与地方财政分灶吃饭的财政体制,中央司法机关和地方各级司法机关的经费,分别列支于与其级别相应的中央或地方政府的财政。这种财政体制必然使得地方各级法院的经济利益与所在地方的经济利益挂钩,地方经济状况较好的,该地法院业务经费就足,法院干部工资福利待遇就好,反之亦然。这势必使得一些法院在办理涉及经济利益尤其是本地与外地经济纠纷的案件时,受利益驱动,而偏袒本地一方,或者以罚代刑,导致司法不公。另外,由于法院的经济命脉掌握在当地政府财政部门手中,办案如果受到行政部门干预,很难挺起腰杆进行有效抵制,而影响司法独立。应当认识到,法院“司”的是国家的法,无论其等级高低,都是国家的而非地方的法。我国2009年一审民事案件5800144件,其中由基层法院审理的案件占89%以上,所以,要改革法院经费管理体制,要将基层法院人员工资福利待遇提到省直属的标准上,脱离地方财政对法院的影响,使审判权得以独立行使。
(二)强化司法监督机制,惩治司法腐败

切实解决“执行难”,维护法律的权威,使审判的正义、高效、有序落到实处,必须加快建立执行工作的新体制和新机制,设立独立执行局,对执行工作实行统一管理和协调,统一调度指挥执行装备和力量,组织进行集中执行;确定执行重点地区、重点案件,组织、实施对重大案件的专项执行。各级法院还要积极探索解决执行难的有效途径,强化执行措施,加大执行力度,依法惩处拒不执行生效裁判的犯罪行为,维护案件胜诉方的合法权益。规范执行程序和秩序,对秩序中应当公开的事项一律公开,增大执行工作的透明度,自觉将人民法院的执行活动充分置于人民群众的监督之下。同时,加大对弱势群体的保护和执行救济,提高执行的公信度。
(三)强化司法监督机制,惩治司法腐败
惩治司法腐败,实现司法公正,是一项长期的任务,要解决这个问题,根本措施是靠推进司法改革,完善司法监督机制,从制度上保证司法机关依法公正地行使审判权和检察权。我国的新闻舆论素来以正面报道为主,司法、行政、权力机关之间未形成有效的权力制衡机制,由于缺乏必要的监督和制约,必然导致司法权的专横和滥用,司法腐败的出现也就不足为奇了。加强和完善我国的司法监督机制,充分发挥司法监督的作用,应着重从以下四个方面努力:
1.建立有效的内部监督机制
为了保障实现审判管理体制的正义价值,必须建立并实行严格错案追究制度。权力的约束和制衡是防止腐败的重要手段,随着审判组织的独立和法官职权的扩大,必须大力强化对审判主体的制约和监督,保障实体正确。对独任审判员错误裁判,应由独任审判员承担责任。对合议庭成员评议案件时,故意歪曲事实,曲解法律,致使合议结果错误,造成错判的,由导致错误结果产生的成员承担责任。对审判委员会研究案件,违背事实,曲解法律,导致错案发生的,由有过错的审委会委员或主持人承担责任。对院长、庭长工作不负责任,好人主义,知错不纠,导致错判的,要由院长、庭长与有过错的法官分别承担相应的责任。要客观分析产生错案的原因,准确界定错案范围,严格执行错案追究程序。区分错案性质、过错程度,把错案责任追究到人,保障实体正义价值的实现。对司法人员在司法程序中的职务犯罪行为,要根据刑事诉讼程序进行处理。
2.强化检察监督
人民检察院是国家的法律监督机关,依法对人民法院的审判工作负有监督的职能。人民检察院的监督,是一种来自法院外部的监督,它体现了检察权与审判权的互相制衡,这种制衡,不仅要体现在刑事案件的审理上,同样也应在民事、经济案件中得到落实。监督仅仅出自内部是肯定不够的,如果缺乏来自外部的、直接针对个案的监督,并不足以保障当事人所应该享有的权益。人民检察院作为国家法律监督机关,其监督应当触及司法活动的各个领域,对少数法官在诉讼过程中的吃、拿、要、卡、贪、占等行为应及时追究其法律责任。同时,改革检察监督系统,健全检察监督制度,改变目前检察监督软弱无力的局面。
3.加强人大司法监督力度
根据宪法和地方组织法的规定,我国的各级人大及其常委会是各级国家权力机关,也是法律监督机关。我国审判机关、检察机关等都由同级人民代表大会产生,对其负责并报告工作,受其监督。虽然人大在一定程度上确实履行了监督职责,但力度远远不够,存在许多问题,主要体现在:监督机构不健全,对监督的保障没有制度化,监督队伍的素质不够理想。因此,要尽快进行监督立法,建立专门的监督机构,确立监督责任。由于目前地方保护主义及裁判不公问题较为严重,因此要求加强人大对司法审判活动的监督的呼声较为强烈。我认为,强化人大的监督确有必要,但是,人大的监督应是整体、抽象、一般的监督,即透过一个时期、一批案件所暴露出来的现象,发现问题,进行调查,以利决策;而不应是对个案的直接监督。在具体操作上,人大不应该过多地针对某个具体案件要求听汇报、调案卷,甚至提出处理意见。即使是对个案的监督,也主要应是事后的监督。如果人大的监督特别是个案监督影响了法院独立行使审判权和法院作为社会纠纷最终裁决人的地位,干涉了法院对具体案件的正当审理,违反了司法独立的原则,从而使法院的独立审判权实际上被干扰或剥夺;无疑是不可取的。要是人大发现法院或法官在案件的审理过程中,确有违法行为,可以建议追究有关人员的法律责任,但并不能对案件进行任何的指示。加强和完善人大监督,有利于从宏观政治角度保证司法工作符合国家的根本利益和人民的意愿,促进司法的公正性。 
4.加强和规范舆论的监督
对司法活动的监督除了立法权的监督外,还应当受到舆论的监督,所谓舆论监督,是指舆论界(主要指新闻界)利用新闻媒体对司法活动的过程和结果予以报道、传播、评论,以行使监督的权利。西方一些国家将舆论监督视为除立法、司法、行政以外的第四种权力。近年来,国外的一些重大腐败案件大多是被新闻媒体披露出来的。法律规定各类案件除涉及国家机密、公民个人隐私、未成年人犯罪以及法律另有规定不予公开审理外,一律实行公开审判制度,不许实行“暗箱操作”。允许新闻机构以对法律自负其责的态度如实报道。司法腐败产生的直接原因就是某些审判人员利用手中的权力进行着各种庭前、幕后的非法交易和操作,使原本应该公开的审判活动变成了一种“暗箱操作”,新闻舆论监督可体现为客观、公正、全面地报道案情,使广大民众和社会各界都能了解法院的审理经过和判决结果,这对司法就是一种约束,可以防范司法人员暗中弄虚作假,任意枉判,从而形成有效的监督机制,杜绝腐败现象的发生。我们在肯定舆论和媒体的监督的正面作用的同时,也应当看到过滥的渲染性报道的负面影响。要使舆论和媒体的监督发挥正面作用,必须使其规范化起来。现实情况是,一方面新闻舆论对司法活动的监督力度不够,尚未形成足够的社会压力;另一方面过滥的渲染性报道又可能造成对司法活动的不公平影响。损害司法独立和司法活动的中立性。因此我们必须通过立法对新闻监督予以规范,遏制和减少其监督过程中的非规范行为,以避免其产生错误的导向,干扰司法独立。
保障人民法院审判权的正确行使,必须强化监督机制。尤其是随着法官独立审判和实行责任制的实施,法官权力进一步扩大。权力若不受监督和制约,必然导致专断和滥用,必然导致腐败。但在强化监督的同时,我们必须坚决反对对司法审判活动的乱干预,个别领导干部以言代法、干预法院独立办案的行为,不仅不是正当的监督,而且是违法的,应坚决纠正。
党的十七大为审判机关今后的发展指明了方向,但制约审判机关依法独立公正地行使审判权的因素仍然很多。我国社会主义市场经济转型期的各种矛盾决定了司法改革与政治体制改革、经济体制改革的并存,三种改革相互影响,相互作用。如何保证审判工作独立、有序的进行,需要我们在今后的工作中加以探索和加以解决,通过我们自身积极的努力,真正使审判机关依法独立公正地行使审判权落到实处。

引用文献:
1、季卫东著:《法治秩序的建构》,中国政法大学出版社2008年版,第163页。
2、黄松有著:《透视司法不公》,载人民法院报2000年6月20日第3版。

  黑龙江省北安市人民法院 李桂云

新闻出版署、海关总署关于颁发音像制品进口出版许可证的通知

新闻出版署 海关总署


新闻出版署、海关总署关于颁发音像制品进口出版许可证的通知
新闻出版署、海关总署



为了贯彻中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅《关于压缩整顿音像单位的通知》(中办发〔1991〕2号)中有关统一颁发进口许可证的规定,加强音像制品的进口管理,现将有关事项通知如下:
一、凡进口用于出版的音像制品(母带、装帧纸、片芯纸等),须事先申请领取进口出版许可证(见附件)。(略)
二、进口出版许可证由新闻出版署统一制订、颁发。
三、经新闻出版署批准从事引进版出版业务的音像出版单位,须严格按照批准的出版范围办理进口、出版业务。禁止未经批准的音像出版单位自行进口、出版海外音像制品。
四、用于出版的音像制品的进口,须按有关规定,报音像主管部门审查批准文艺类音像制品,按系统报广播电影电视部、文化部、新闻出版署审查批准;教育、科技类音像制品,报有关部委审查批准。其版权贸易合同报国家版权局审核登记。海关凭新闻出版署签发并加盖上述主管部门
印章(见附件)(略)的进口出版许可证,征税放行。
五、用于报审的音像制品的样带(限3.81mm模拟信号盒式录音带,普通VHS、BETAMAX盒式录像带)的进口,免领音像制品进口出版许可证。
进口音像制品样带,使用统一制作的《海外文艺音像节目报审样带进口证书》(见附件)(略)。中央部委所属音像出版单位进口样带,由前条确定的音像主管部门批准;各地音像出版单位进口样带,由各省、自治区、直辖市音像主管部门批准,海关凭有关批准证书征税放行。对海关
已放行不能用于出版的样带,应由批准单位统一留存。
六、本通知规定的音像制品进口时,海关可进行抽查。发现有违禁内容的,海关予以没收或退运;新闻出版署根据情况予以撤销已签发的音像制品进口出版许可证。
七、申请领取音像制品进口出版许可证,须持有音像主管部门审查批准证件和国家版权局版权审核登记证件。申请内容包括进口音像节目的名称、版权提供者及国别(地区)、节目出品者及国别(地区)、媒体形式、集数、制式、到货口岸、外汇来源、母带规格、母带数量、装帧纸数
量、总价值等项目。发证机关经审核,符合规定的,予以签发音像制品进口出版许可证。
申请单位领取音像制品进口出版许可证,须如实申报,不得弄虚作假。对手续不完备或违反音像出版行政管理法规的,不予签发。
八、音像制品进口出版许可证的有效期限为一年。音像制品在有效期限内没有进口,可以根据合同规定相应延长许可证有效期限。如改换节目的,需重新办理进口报批手续。
九、对无证进口或伪造、涂改、转让音像制品进口出版许可证的,海关按照海关的有关规定予以处理。
十、本通知下达前,业经音像主管部门审查批准,但尚未进口的音像制品,海关凭新闻出版署音像管理司确认后补发的许可证征税放行。
十一、本通知自下达之日起执行,以往有关用于出版的音像制品的进口验放办法与本通知相抵触的,以此为准。



1991年6月15日

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